In this article we will see about the differents conditions (methods) and points of how to understand the Qu'ran better.
First one is : 1) Tafseer of Qu'ran by Qu'ran Many of the verses contains the Qu'ran by Qu'ran method , questions are asked in order to catch the mind of the reader and subquently answered to increase the impact of the concept in question , like in this following verse : " By at-Taariq (The Knocker or Night Approacher" and what will make you understand what at-Taariq is ?" He then answer His question as : " It is the piercing star , ( Venus ) " ( Soorah at-Taariq (86:1-3) This kind of method vary the modes of presentation and serves at encouraging readers and listeners to relfect more. They are also called self-explanatory verses. This method of tasfeer is that Book must be relied upon to explain itself , so before looking for an explanation elsewhere it is better to follow this first step. 2) Tafseer of Qu'ran by the Sunnah In this kind of context , the Prophet Muhammad ( peace be upon him) added clarification to various verses of the Qu'ran. Allah entrusted the job of explaining the Book to the Prophet. This trust was expressed in the Qu'ran , in Surat an-Nahl , Allah said : " We have only revealed the Book to you in order that you clarify for them the things about which they differ" Most details of Salaah , Zakkah , sawm , hajj and so on were either explained by the Prophet's statements or by practical demonstration and applications ( = also called Sunnah) So , Prophet explanation of Qu'ranic passages are referred as the tafseer of Qu'ran by Sunnah. The Sunnah was based on guidance from Allah , it thus , represents the second part of God's promise to explain the Qu'ran : " Then , verily , it is for Us to explain it" ( Soorah al Qiyaamah ) (75:19) 3) Tafseer of Qu'ran by Aathaar This method teach us about how Sahabah would use their own reasoning based on knowledge if they couldn't find tafseer of a passage in Book or the Sunnah of the Prophet. This point is also expressed as " Explanation or Sayings of the Sahabah" For that , Ibn Katheer , the greatest Qu'ran commentator of all time , said " If we were unable to find a suitable tasfeer in the Qu'ran or in the Sunnah , we go to the opinions of the Sahabah , for verily ther knew the Qu'ran better than anyone else due to their knowledge of the circumstances of its revelation. Their complete and accurate understanding of it and their righteous deeds" For example , he was questioned about the verse : " And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their chastity and to only reveal from their adornment that which (normally) appears " ( Soorah an Noor (24:31) He replied that " it refers to the face and hands". Howewer , the Prophet explained only was was unclear to the sahaabah , and they , in turn , explained only what what unclear to the taabi'oon because the tasfeer transmitted from the Prophet and the Sahabaah did not cover all of the verses of the Qu'ran. During the era of the taabi'oon , many Christians and Jews became Muslim , as a result , some of the taabi'oon narrated tales from Jewish and Christians sources in their explanations of the Qu'ran , such narrations were known as " Israa'eeleeyaat". 4. Tafseer of Qu'ran by Language Time after times , words took on new meanings and old meanings became lost , foreign words entered into the language and vast sections of vocabulary fell into disuse. Consequently , in this period , dictionnaries appeared , written specifically to deal with the Qu'ranic Arbic vocabulary and philosophy. In case words had more than one meaning , this step created differences of opinion which could only be solved by finding supports in the Sunnah. For example , " lams " literally means " to touch " , but figuratively it means sexual intercourses. This , the later scholars were of two basic opinions concerning the following verse : " ... or you ( lamastum ) women and cannot find water , them make tayammum ( ritual purification with dust) ( Surat an Nisaa (4):43) Imam ash-Shaafi'ee and Maalik held that it rather meant " the touch of the hand" through each imam added certain speculation to it. On the other hand , Imaam Abu Haneefah , stated that it means sexual intercourse. However , the Prophet's wives reported that he kissed them before performing salaah , which indicated that touching was not intented in this verse. The 4 methods come under the general title of Tafseer Bir Riwaayah or Tafseer bil-Ma'thoor ( tasfeer based on narration) 5) Tafseer of Qu'raan by Opinion As we shall know , free interpreation based on philosophical , scientific or sectarian ideas is totally forbidden , because the Prophet reported : " Opinion based argument about the Qu'ran is kufr" He repeated it 3 times then added " What you know of it , act upon it , and what you are ignorant of , refer it to ne who knows" ( Reported by Abu Hurayrah) We can see how stern warned his companion and later generations of Muslims about interpretations of the Book based on speculation or unproven opinions. The reason to that is the Qu'ran is the foudation of Islaam , and it had to remain pure and clear. If it was given to everyone to interpret it as they wished , its value would have been totally destroyed and Islaam itself would be worn out from its nature. Thus , the only acceptable tasfeer is that which adhere to the following sequences and methods taught above. ( From 1 to 5 methods)
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